Nanoparticle Drug Delivery Systems: Revolutionizing Drug Delivery and Unlocking New Frontiers in Cardiovascular, Neurological, and Cancer Treatments View PDF

^*Navya Bolgam
Medicine, Kamineni Academy Of Medical Sciences And Research Centre, Hyderabad, Telangana, India
^*V Rupa Sree
Medicine, Vinayaka Missions Kirupananda Variyar Medical College & Hospital, Salem, Tamil Nadu, India
Nitish Pachoury
Medicine, Dr. Sampurnanand Medical College, Jodhpur, Rajasthan, India
Rahitya Koneru
Medicine, RM Medical College, Kattankulathur, Tamil Nadu, India

^*Corresponding Author:

Navya Bolgam
Medicine, Kamineni Academy Of Medical Sciences And Research Centre, Hyderabad, Telangana, India V Rupa Sree
Medicine, Vinayaka Missions Kirupananda Variyar Medical College & Hospital, Salem, Tamil Nadu, India

Published on: 2025-04-30

Abstract

Nanoparticle drug delivery systems (NDDS) have emerged as a revolutionary approach in modern medicine, offering unprecedented precision and efficiency in delivering therapeutics to targeted sites within the body. These systems, which include liposomes, solid lipid nanoparticles (LNPs), dendrimers, and metallic NPs, are designed to enhance drug bioavailability, stability, and therapeutic efficacy while minimizing off-target toxicity. By exploiting the nanoscale size and unique surface properties of these carriers, NDDS enable the controlled release of drugs, allowing for sustained therapeutic action and overcoming biological barriers like the bloodbrain barrier (BBB). Their application across diverse fields such as oncology, cardiology, and neurology has shown promising clinical results, with NPs facilitating better treatment outcomes for complex diseases that were previously challenging to treat. In oncology, NDDS have demonstrated enhanced targeting of cancer cells, reduced systemic toxicity while increased drug concentration at tumor sites. In cardiology, nanoparticle-based systems are being explored for targeted delivery of drugs to address cardiovascular diseases (CVDs), improving efficacy in treating conditions such as atherosclerosis and heart failure. Meanwhile, in neurology, NDDS offer a breakthrough in delivering therapeutics to the brain, addressing neurological disorders like Parkinson’s and Alzheimer’s disease (AD). Despite their promising potential, challenges remain in the clinical translation of NDDS, including regulatory hurdles, manufacturing complexities, and safety concerns. However, continued research, along with advances in nanomaterial design and clinical trial methodologies, holds the key to unlocking new frontiers in personalized medicine and offering more effective, targeted treatments for these debilitating conditions.

Keywords

Nanoparticle drug delivery systems, Targeted drug delivery, Oncology, Cardiology, Neurology, Controlled release, Blood-brain barrier

Introduction

Drug delivery mechanisms play a crucial role in modern medicine, ensuring that therapeutic agents reach their intended site of action in an effective and safe manner [1]. Advances in technology have led to the development of targeted delivery systems, which minimize side effects while maximizing therapeutic benefits. These mechanisms range from traditional methods such as oral tablets and injectable solutions to cutting-edge innovations like NPs, liposomes, and gene delivery systems [2]. According to recent reports, the global drug delivery market is projected to grow from USD 1,831.1 billion in 2023 to USD 1,949.4 billion by 2024 reaching USD 2,546.0 billion by 2029, driven by increasing prevalence of chronic diseases, rising demand for biologics, and the need for more efficient therapies [3]. Additionally, more than 60% of approved drugs are delivered orally, but challenges such as poor bioavailability and degradation in the gastrointestinal tract are driving the development of advanced alternatives [4].

Novel drug delivery systems are transforming healthcare by enabling controlled release, enhanced absorption, and targeted action, reducing the required dosage and potential for toxicity [5]. For example, nanotechnology-based delivery systems can deliver drugs directly to diseased tissues, bypassing healthy cells and reducing systemic side effects. Cancer therapy is one of the primary beneficiaries of these advancements, with targeted therapies significantly improving patient outcomes [6]. Furthermore, the rise of biologics, which constitute nearly 40% of the pharmaceutical pipeline, has spurred innovations in delivery technologies to overcome the challenges of protein and peptide delivery. As chronic diseases like diabetes and cancer continue to rise, the development of more efficient and patient-centric delivery systems will remain a priority, highlighting the critical role these mechanisms play in the future of medicine [7].

Drug delivery mechanisms are critical in optimizing therapeutic outcomes by ensuring that pharmaceutical agents are delivered efficiently and effectively to their target sites [8]. These mechanisms have evolved significantly, incorporating advanced technologies and materials to address challenges such as poor solubility, bioavailability, and patient compliance. The development of controlled drug delivery systems has been a major focus, aiming to release drugs at a controlled rate and enhance therapeutic efficacy while minimizing side effects [9, 10].