Immunology in Defiance: A Clinician’s Perspective on Modern Organ Transplantation

Abstract

Organ transplantation began experimentally early in the 20th century, following the pioneering microsurgical work of Alexis Carrel, and has since evolved into a modern clinical reality. Indeed, contemporary medicine with its immunomodulation armamentarium has triumphed over many challenges to usher in an area of successful organ transplantation that has prolonged the lives of millions. The current practice of transplant surgery includes the transfer of tissues, partial organs and whole organs, including the heart, liver, kidneys, pancreas and lungs. In addition to whole organs, successful bone, heart valve, cartilage, vein and artery, and cornea transplantation are performed with increasing frequency and clinical acumen.