Modern Approaches to Prevention and Correction of the Attorney Syndrome at Sportsmen View PDF

It has long been noted that dosed physical exercise can exert training and strengthening effect on the body, regardless of age [1,2]. With the correct selection of loads in the clinic [3,4] and in the experiment [5,6], the health effect of physical exercises was noted. They are used in many pathological conditions [7,8] and can improve the condition of even the disabled organism [9-11]. At the same time, it is possible to achieve such results only at strictly physiological level of loads [12,13]. If the training is incorrectly constructed or when excessive loads are applied, the phenomena of fatigue can develop, which ultimately leads to the formation of the fatigue syndrome in the athlete [14,15].

It is known that fatigue as a physiological condition develops as a result of training. Normally, fatigue symptoms are gradually balancedmnand the athlete’s condition comes to an optimal state [16]. If the body before the start of a new exercise does not have time to recover, the symptoms of fatigue increase and develop persistent pathological fatigue [17]. Despite the possibility of developing such a state, this risk is often underestimated. This often causes fatigue syndrome among modern athletes. There is a need to combine approaches to the prevention of fatigue and correction of the athlete’s physical condition in the already arisen fatigue syndrome and to consider their effectiveness. Therefore, the goal of the work is to consider the basics of approaches to the prevention and correction of fatigue syndrome in athletes.

The main violations in the body of athletes with excessive loads

Excessive physical activity can cause various disabilities in the body of athletes. The most dangerous consequences of intense and unbalanced workouts are heart failure and sudden cardiac death. This is due to the fact that under intensive physical loads there is a rapid growth of not only skeletal muscle mass, but also the myocardium. However, the growth of muscle mass occurs at a higher rate than the growth of blood vessels. This leads to the occurrence of ischemia in the myocardium and the danger of overt pathology [18].

Intensive training is accompanied by the formation of a large number of toxins and free radicals. In the absence of rest periods during training, these products do not have time to be quickly disposed of and cause damage to the capillaries. The increase in lactic acid in the blood contributes to hypoxia, which leads to an even greater increase in the concentration of lactic acid in it. The result is a vicious circle. With further loading, a deficiency of carbohydrates arises, against which the oxidation of fatty acids and glycerin is intensified, with the formation of a mass of ketone bodies that toxically affect the myocardium and the brain [19].

When excessive physical exertion is done often there are osteoarthritis and osteoarthritis, more often knee joints. Possible sprains, tendon ruptures, fatigue fractures, dystrophy of tendon tissues and plantar fasciitis. Often there are inflammations of the tendons. They can occur when running at a sharply increasing speed or over long distances [20].

With prolonged grueling loads, athletes develop fatigue syndrome, which is characterized by loss of activity and inability to continue training. If the duration of the symptoms is 6 months or more, this syndrome is put as a diagnosis,. With a shorter duration of symptoms, it is a matter of fatigue, which is divided into acute and chronic. Acute fatigue develops with excessive loads, as well as with monotonous or excessive activity under extreme conditions [21]. Under these conditions, rapidly growing functional disturbances occur in the activity of the central nervous system. Chronic fatigue develops due to active accumulation in the body of unfavorable functional shifts and a decrease in working capacity due to inadequate rest during and after work, which is necessary for the full restoration and normalization of body functions. The resulting chronic fatigue adversely affects physical and mental abilities. The most common complaints are sleeping disturbances, irritability, memory loss and concentration, difficulties in learning new information, etc. [22].

Thus, excessive loads can cause a lot of pathological disorders in the body of athletes, based on overtraining, leading to the development of chronic fatigue.

Fundamentals of the prevention of fatigue syndrome in athletes

The main method of prevention of fatigue syndrome in athletes is the development of endurance. Only because of the high level of endurance can overcome the increasing fatigue in the process of competitive and training activities. To develop endurance is possible only with the inclusion in the training plan of specialpreparatory exercises, as close to the competition in form, structure and characteristics of the impact on the body. Also effective is the combination of exercises of different duration in the program of a separate lesson. In this case, the intensity of training should be close to competitive or even somewhat exceed it. If the exercises are short in duration, the number of approaches increases, and the rest intervals between them can be shortened. This is done so that the subsequent approach is performed against the backdrop of fatigue from the previous exercise. If the exercises are time-consuming, then rest intervals can be made more. In this case, the training effect has shifts during the exercises themselves, and not the result of the accumulation of the action of all exercises [23].

A mandatory condition for endurance training is the involvement of all muscle groups in the exercise. Practically their complete splitting with the release of a large amount of energy occurs at the most intensive work within 60-90 seconds. At the same time, the concentration of ATP in muscles is reduced to 60% of the level recorded at rest. However, powerful training leads to stimulation not only of alaktate anaerobic processes, but also of lactate aerobic [24].

It is important to correctly distribute the load in the precompetition period, which should not exceed 30-40% of the load of the main period. Such training should begin 3-7 days before the competition. The main role in the prevention of fatigue syndrome is played by a full warm-up before each workout. This is necessary to achieve the optimal excitability of the central nervous system, mobilize the physiological functions of the body to perform more intensive muscular work and “warm up” the musculoskeletal apparatus before training. During the warm-up, the excitability of the nervous processes increases, the rate of their flow increases, the respiratory and cardiovascular processes increase, and the metabolism in the skeletal muscles is accelerated by raising the body temperature and opening the reserve capillaries. Physiologically justified workout should consist of a general and a special part, depending on the type of exercises that enter it. Its optimum duration is 30-40 minutes. Training should begin no earlier than 10 minutes after the end of the warm-up [16].

An important aspect of the prevention of fatigue syndrome is an increase in mental resistance to feelings of fatigue during training or competition. This also contributes to the development of special endurance. But it must be remembered that mental stability is an indicator sensitive to a certain type of activity, i.e. the level of mental stability developed in one sport will be of little effect in another sport. Therefore, the approach should be strictly individual, take into account the requirements for the athlete’s psyche of this sport and its volitional qualities [25].

Thus, there are approaches to the prevention of fatigue syndrome, observing which you can achieve good results, preserving the health and functional condition of athletes.

Approaches to the correction of fatigue syndrome in athletes

The correction of fatigue syndrome should be based on the use of therapeutic physical training. It can be combined with physiotherapy procedures, massage and the influence of natural factors. It is a hygienic gymnastics, metered sports exercises (path finding, walking), games and swimming. Very effective in rehabilitation with fatigue syndrome is morning hygienic gymnastics. It promotes a more rapid transition of the organism from the state of rest to the stage of wakefulness. In this case, there is an increase in general tone, increased activity of the cardiovascular, respiratory and nervous systems, activation of metabolism and muscle strengthening [26].

Often a sports massage is used to combat fatigue syndrome. A steady effect is provided by therapeutic massage, acupressure and reflex massage. Deep sports massage leads to “warming up” of muscles, stimulates blood and lymph circulation in them, increases their tone. Such a massage relieves fatigue, promotes the prevention of diseases of the musculoskeletal system [27].

Another type of correction of fatigue syndrome is cryotherapy. On the human skin 2-3 minutes are exposed to liquid nitrogen. The temperature of the patient’s skin surface instantaneously drops to 0° C. Then, due to intensive peripheral circulation, its temperature rises to 35° C. These changes lead to the stimulation of the immune system, to an increase in the metabolism in all organs and systems of the body, the stabilization of the hormonal background, the growth of muscle tone of any localization. The frequency of procedures is possible up to 4 daily for 20 days. There are no age and physiological limitations to this procedure. The effect comes in 5-10 minutes. Its duration is not less than 6-8 hours. In addition, when cryotherapy is performed, endorphins are released, which compensates for psychological overloads from intense training and creates an incentive to increase motor activity [28].

Effective sets of breathing exercises that can be included in the training program at its beginning and in the final part to develop respiratory muscles restore the work of the cardiovascular system. The greatest muscular effort develops with a delay in breathing, a little less - with exhalation, at least - with inspiration. Therefore, it is recommended to combine exhalation with the power phases of muscle movements [29].

In the rehabilitation of athletes, balneotherapy and hydrotherapy are often used, based on the effects of temperature, chemical and mechanical factors. First, they irritate the receptors, from which the impulses from the nervous fibers enter the brain. Secondly, a large amount of biologically active substances is released by the stimulation of another group of skin and mucosal receptors. The positive effect is to stimulate the blood supply of tissues and oxidation-reduction processes in them, to remove the products of pathological metabolism and cell disintegration, to reduce traumatic edema and hemorrhage, and to eliminate stagnant phenomena and trophic disorders in muscles [30].

In the fight against fatigue syndrome, it is possible to use certain types of physiotherapy. To such methods it is possible to carry an electro-sleep, for which the action of DC pulses of rectangular shape with a frequency of 1 to 140 Hz, force up to 0,8 mA, is characteristic. The effect is carried out on the front-neck area by courses of 12-14 procedures. Electrostimulation of striated muscle is often used tostimulate and improve performance. After nelectrostimulation, there is an increase in blood flow by half. This increases the performance of skeletal muscles by increasing the aerobic potential, increasing the intensity of glycolysis and the mechanisms of re-synthesis of ATP. After the electrostimulation session, the excitability and lability of the stimulated muscles are increased, and their speed-power capabilities are increased. Tetanic muscle contractions and their subsequent relaxation, caused by electrostimulation, lead to an increase in the lymph flow in them. This increases the release of muscle from underoxidized and toxic products. Also, electrostimulation promotes muscle hypertrophy by increasing the synthesis of RNA and proteins in them [31].

Additional methods for fatigue syndrome include ozone therapy and yoga massage. Ozone instead of two molecules of oxygen, in its composition, contains three, which positively affects the metabolic processes and increases the capacity for work after excessive loads. Also, ozone contributes to a decrease in blood lactate and pyruvate. Thanks to ozonotherapy, the athlete has objective signs of improving aerobic metabolism, faster recovery and increased readiness for physical exertion [32]. Perhaps subcutaneous ozone-oxygen mixture (“ozone blisters”), intravenous drip ozonized 0,9% sodium chloride solution (“trehigolchataya system”), small autohaemotherapy with ozone, the use of ozonized solutions antiseptics, application of ozonated ointments, oils and flow gassing in a plastic chamber under conditions of reduced pressure [33]. An important here is psychotherapy (rational and personal-oriented) necessary for belief athlete in the absence of “serious” diseases as well as for forming an positive attitude [34].

Thus, correction of fatigue syndrome is not an easy process, but with the right selection of agents of exposure, one can get a very good result.

The syndrome of fatigue is a fairly frequent condition for athletes experiencing excessive loads when they incorrectly build their training system. It is based on the suppression of the functions of internal organs and the development of pre-pathological changes in them. Prevention of this condition should be based on the development of athlete endurance, which is provided competently built exercises. The correction of fatigue syndrome should be based on non-medicinal effects, the central place among which is therapeutic exercise. A good result in the syndrome of fatigue gives a competent application of sports massage. The expressed positive influence on an organism of the overtrained sportsman is rendered by medical massage, acupressure and reflex massage. The effectiveness of the use of cryotherapy fatigue syndrome, complexes of respiratory exercises, balneotherapy and hydrotherapy has been proved. To correct this condition, some types of physiotherapy are very successfully used. Considering that fatigue syndrome is a pre-pathological process, its development is better not to allow the athlete, and when it appears, it should be correctly and quickly eliminated.

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